Positive and negative association between variables

Introduction Numerous Instances of interest in our lives entail two or more variables. These bring to our attention the knowledge of their interrelations’. The relationship between variables is among the leading in providing useful insights to their interdependency. This relationship or association between variables, in statistical presentations, may be described as positive, negative or null.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Positive and negative association between variables specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, in America, the relation between the amounts of money a person may use on healthcare in one year can be linked to the number of years he/she survives after the first deposit. This association is termed negative, if the money spent leads to a shorter life expectancy of that individual and vice versa (Utts Heckard, 2006) . Association can therefore be referred to as a factor of two variabl es or more. Taking the instance above, the two variables that we are dealing with are, the number of years survived after the first deposit, and the money spent by the same person on healthcare in that year. In that sense, it is obvious that whenever the values of both variables increase, a positive association is presented, and whenever an inverse in values of the variables is attained, a negative association follows. In an event that there is no clear relationship between such variables, no association may be assumed, however this depends on the individual dependency ratio. This paper will try to explain by giving examples, what it means to have a positive, negative and null association between two variables (Utts Heckard, 2006). Positive association Two variables may be considered to have a positive association, when a change in value of one variable causes a corresponding change in magnitude of another variable. For instance, in considering growth in people, the association bet ween their heights and weights is considered positive; this is because as height increases, weight also increases (Ferguson, 1966). Negative association Consequently, two variables are considered negative if an increase in value of one, leads to a decrease in value of the other. For instance, taking into account the age of used cars against their selling price, the higher the former, the higher its depreciation and the lower its cost. Clearly, this lowers its selling price. This association between age and price of a used car is termed a negative association (Ferguson, 1966). No association Two variables may be considered to have no association, when their correlation approaches zero, that is, their interdependency diminishes significantly to an extent that even a significant change in one does not cause a linear change on the other. For instance, in relating the association between number of users and CPU usage, it is quite clear that only a weak association can be transpired from the above; that is, their correlation approaches zero, and thus, not associated (Ferguson, 1966).Advertising Looking for essay on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Association is a property of any two or more variables and is instrumental in determining the degree of correlation between such variables. Such correlations may be considered positive, negative, or non- associated. Positive association of any two variables is similar to direct proportionality in linear proportions, while negative association is considered similar to inverse proportionality. In essence, two variables have a positive association when values of one variable have the propensity to increase as values of the other variable increase, while two variables have a negative association when values of one variable have a tendency to decrease as the values of the other variable increase, in cases where there is very weak correlation, t he variables are considered non associated (Utts Heckard, 2006). References Ferguson, G. A. (1966). Statistical analysis in psychology and education. New York: McGraw-Hill. Utts, J. M. Heckard, R. F. (2006). Activities Workbook for Utts/Heckard’s Mind on Statistics, 3rd / Edition 3. Web. This essay on Positive and negative association between variables was written and submitted by user Victor Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample Essay on Bullying - How to Help Your Child Deal With Bullying

Sample Essay on Bullying - How to Help Your Child Deal With BullyingA sample essay on bullying is one of the most helpful tools for parents who are looking for ways to help their children cope with the current climate of school bullying. Children often become victims of bullying during their early childhood and adolescence and their fears often make them fearful of what other people will think of them.It is normal for children to be frightened by the whole world and how it seems to be hostile. This fear often manifests itself in how they behave towards other children. This is why it is so important to have a guide that provides children with strategies to tackle these issues so that their fears do not take over.The essay can provide the parents with an idea of how a child copes with the bully problem and this is especially true when dealing with younger children. This is because they are too young to understand the level of fear they might be putting their children into but as they g row older they will begin to understand that bullying may be part of their daily environment.The essay should be given to the child to help them feel confident in the way they tackle these issues. This way it will also help the child to understand the perspective of the person who is offering the essay. Remember that the point of this exercise is to encourage a good relationship between the child and the person giving the sample essay on bullying.After giving the sample essay the parent should discuss the topic with the child. It is important to build a good relationship with the child before the essay can be given so that the child will understand why it is useful.The knowledge the child will gain from the essay can be used in the future as the child gets older so it is important to keep it around. Since children are always learning and improving, it is important that a sample essay on bullying is around to help them through the phases. It will also help the child to stay informed and aware of the ways to deal with the bully problem so that their lives will not be controlled by the bullies.There are many options when it comes to using a sample essay on bullying. It can be presented as a pamphlet, attached to the school's calendar or distributed to the entire student body.