Digital Audio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Digital Audio - Research Paper Example By 1937, British scientist Alec Reeves invented and patented the Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). The digital revolution has also been pushed forward by the advent of cheap and powerful computational devices. We must also keep in mind the immense contribution of the military in any great leap in technology. The First World War brought in electricity and vacuum tubes. By the Second World War, solid state electronics were invented and this is the first impetus in bringing in the era of miniaturization and power. By 1950s and 1960s, computers were developed and used by the military to build the World Wide Web, which later on in the 1990s were made available to the average consumer. In 1957, Max Matthews of The Bell Laboratory demonstrated how to record sound digitally using computer. The digital recording process consists essentially of an Analogue to Digital conversion. This is achieved by chopping up the signal into small intervals at a rate at least twice the highest perceivable frequenc y. Each part of the sample is then coded using binary numbering system and recorded as pulses. The earlier experiments were done using tape as a storage medium but later discs replaced them. They had a higher density. In chopping up the signal at the rate of 44.1 KHz (in case of ACDs), the amplitude of each part of the waveform sampled is expressed as a binary number containing the equivalent of a combination of 16- zeroes and ones (if 16 Bit quantization is used as in ACDs) or any lower number depending upon the system. This means that the amplitude of this small part of the signal sampled can be expressed in as many as 16 to the power 16 or 65,536 increments. Such a high number of increments to describe a small part of the signal required fast recording density and speed. Therefore video tape recorders were used to record digitally converted audio signal. Discs carrying video frequencies were made to rotate up to 1800 rpm and between 150 and 400 rpm for audio programs. To record a full album digitally, we had to wait until 1976. The first ever 16 bit digital recording was made by Dr. Stockham of Soundstream using a Soundstream Recorder in the U.S. Santa Fe Opera. Sony introduced its flagship D/A converter the PCM 1 in the same year. Now digital recording was in the hands of anyone who can afford the machine and hook it up with an existing VHS VCR to convert it into a digital recorder. In 1979, the first fully digital album was released by Ry Cooder: â€Å"Bop till you Drop†. It was recorded using a 32 track digital multi-track recorder built by 3M. In 1980, Sony and Philips announced the arrival of Audio Compact Disc. The possibility of easy and lossless distribution of high quality digital audio content finally brought in the first waves of the digital boom. In the sphere of studio systems, during 1985, there were only three models of Digital Audio Workstations (DAW) available and only two of them were disk based systems. Audio File from AMS and Dire ct to Disc by NED, were the only two options the third by Denon was the DN 052 ED. But in the years immediately after this, the Digital Audio Workstations were the order of the day for any studios. 3M, Sony, Mitsubishi and Studer introduced their own versions of the DAW. By 1986, the digital consoles started coming in and RDAT was introduced in Japan, making it possible to make digital replicas of recordings easily. If CD was to replace the LP, RDAT was supposed to replace

Introduction to Databases Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Introduction to Databases - Assignment Example This means the DROP operation will be performed not only on the primary key but also on all referencing foreign keys. Secondly, to avoid having null values as primary keys, always specify the primary key to auto increment whenever the database is populated. One foreign key from a table can only refer to a single primary key on another table. Moreover, it is unacceptable for the same foreign key to refer to multiple primary keys. For instance, department_id on the employee table refers to the primary key department_id on the department table and not the department_id on the job_history table. The data type and values of foreign key that are used in the database schema must match with the data types and values of primary key or unique columns for that matter. The data values of country_id on countries table, say 11, should be the same as that of country_id on the locations table. Similarly, the data type should also be same. If region_id in the regions table is an integer, then region_id on the countries table must also be an integer and not a double or

Womens Health Education On Anemia And Its Dangers

Womens Health Education On Anemia And Its Dangers Anemia is a common global public health problem (GPHP) affecting both developing and developed countries with major consequences for human health as well as social and economic development. It occurs at all stages of the life cycle, but is more prevalent in pregnant women and young children in both rich and poor countries. In 2002, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was considered to be among the most important contributing factors to the global burden of disease (1). Anemia is one of the most common factors complicating pregnancy worldwide specially in the development countries, and Palestine is one among of those countries .In Gaza strip ,an overall prevalence of anemia is more than 35% among pregnant women .most studies have demonstrated adverse effects of anemia to both pregnant women and their offsprings mainly in developing countries due to several factors. The more etiologic factor for anemia among pregnancy being iron and folic acid deficiency(2-4) Anemia is the result of a wide variety of causes that can be isolated, but more often coexist. Globally, the most significant contributor to the onset of anemia is iron deficiency so that IDA and anemia are often used synonymously, and the prevalence of anemia has often been used as a proxy for IDA. It is generally assumed that 50% of the cases of anemia are due to iron deficiency (5), but the proportion may vary among population groups and in different areas according to the local conditions. The main risk factors for IDA include a low intake of iron, poor absorption of iron from diets high in phytate or phenolic compounds, and period of life when iron requirements are especially high (i.e. growth and pregnancy). Among the other causes of anemia, heavy blood loss as a result of menstruation, or parasite infections such as hookworms and ascaris can decrease blood haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations level. Acute and chronic infections, including malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, and cancer can also lower blood Hb concentrations level. The existence of other micronutrient deficiencies, including vitamins A and B12, folate, riboflavin, and copper can increase the risk of anemia. Furthermore, the impact of haemoglobinopathies on anemia prevalence needs to be within some population. Anemia is an indicator of both poor nutrition and poor health. The most dramatic health effects of anemia, i.e., increased risk of maternal and child mortality due to severe anemia (6-8). To tackle the problem of iron deficiency and anemia, WHO recommended the adoption of a multidisciplinary approach tailored to specific circumstances including increased iron intake, public health measures and food versification. Consistent with this strategy, UNRWA implemented a programme for prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia. comprising medicinal iron supplementation, fortification of wheat flour distributed to the target groups benefiting from the Agencys regular and emergency food aid programmes, and expanding the use of modern contraceptive methods (3,4). In addition, the negative consequences of IDA on cognitive and physical development of children, and on physical performance particularly work productivity in adults are of major concern (5). Previous studies have shown a very high prevalence of anemia among Palestinian refugees specially among antenatal mothers(3). Hence , it is essential that in Palestine, especially in Gaza strip the women should be aware of anemia to reduce the complication during pregnancy. Objectives of the study 1-To assess the level of awareness and public knowledge of anemia among the Palestinian refugee pregnant women in Gaza strip. 2-To assess if there is a difference between women with and without health education session. 3-To develop a baseline data regarding awareness of anemia among pregnant women for further studies. Scope of the study The study aims to assess the level of public knowledge and awareness of anemia among pregnant women who attended UNRWA health care centers(HCCs) for antenatal care in the middle district of Gaza strip by collecting the information from 164 women from four UNRWA health care centers in Gaza. Hypothesis 1-The Palestinian refugee pregnant women were awareness and had a knowledge of anemia at a medium level . 2-There is a difference between women with and without health education session regarding anemia . Benefits of the study 1-To know the knowledge and awareness regarding anemia among pregnant women living in Gaza strip and who are attending UNRWA health care centers (HCCs) for antenatal care and follow-up. 2-To know if attending health education sessions about anemia affects the knowledge and awareness of women by assessing the women with and without health education sessions about anemia in Gaza strip. Literature review studies To conduct the study, the researcher has reviewed related studies and reports about anemia status among pregnant women attending UNRWA health care centers for antenatal care in Gaza strip. Nutritional survey conducted by UNRWA in (1961,1978 and 1984) Nutrition surveys conducted among the Palestine refugees in 1961, 1978 and 1984 revealed that more than 50 per cent of preschool children 0-3 years of age and women in reproductive age suffer from iron deficiency anemia. Nutritional survey conducted among pregnant women by WHO in (1990) In 1990, a nutrition survey was conducted by the WHO Collaborating Center at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta in four Fields of UNRWAs area of operations, namely Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic (SAR), Gaza Strip and the West Bank. The survey revealed that the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women ranged between 31.3% in the first trimester to 58.9% in the third trimester Agency-wide, while the prevalence among children 6-36 months of age ranged between 57.8% in the West Bank and 75.3% in SAR. A new intervention strategy for iron supplementation was then introduced in 1991, which was amended in 1995 placing special emphasis on treatment. Nutritional survey conducted among infants ,preschool children and pregnant women by WHO in (1998) In October 1998, the WHO Collaborating Centre at CDC conducted a nutritional survey in Gaza Strip, the results of which revealed that iron-deficiency anemia was still high among high-risk groups, namely infants, preschool children and pregnant women. A study conducted among pregnant women by UNRWA in (1999) In 1999, UNRWA conducted a study to assess the maternal health programme which revealed inter-alia that the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women was 44.7% in Gaza, 35.5% in the West Bank, 32.1% in Jordan, 28.6% in Lebanon and 27% in Syria. In addition, the study showed that the prevalence of anemia progressively increases during the course of pregnancy as well as with parity. Anemia below 9g/dl constituted 1.4% of pregnant women. This suggests that in spite of the interventions that the Agency had, so far, undertaken, iron-deficiency anemia, still represents a major public health problem. A study conducted among pregnant women, nursing mothers and children 6-36 months by UNRWA during (2004) During 2004, UNRWA conducted a follow-up study to assess the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women, nursing mothers and children 6-36 months of age in order to assess the impact of these strategies on the prevalence among pregnant women, nursing mothers and children. The study revealed that the overall prevalence of anemia among pregnant women varied from 35.7% in Gaza, to 29.5% in the West Bank, to 25.5% in Lebanon, to 22.4% in Jordan and 16.2% in Syria. Although, the overall prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in all Fields dropped since the last assessment in 1999, these rates are still considered to be high. The reason for this drop could be attributed to the prophylactic iron supplementation which is provided for all pregnant women upon registration. There is a progressive rise in the prevalence of anemia during the course of pregnancy, which confirms that iron intake during pregnancy, does not meet the increased physiological requirements. Another study conducted among children 6-36 months, pregnant women and nursing mothers by UNRWA in (2004) Another study by UNRWA in 2004 on the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among children 6 to 36 months of age, pregnant women and nursing mothers, revealed that anemia in Gaza Strip was fairly high (54.7% among children, 35.7% among pregnant women and 45.7% among nursing mothers. The corresponding rates in the West Bank were 34.3% among children, 29.5% among pregnant women and 23.1% among nursing mothers). The high prevalence of anemia for many children may cause permanent negative effects on their physical and mental development. It is worth mentioning that the prevalence of anemia among infants 6 to 12 months of age reached 75% in Gaza(9). CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND Definition of anemia Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or in the total hemoglobin levels in the blood due to lack of sufficient iron (10,11).more specifically , it means lack in the concentration of hemoglobin, red blood cell volume, or red blood cell (RBCs) number(12). Normally hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues, anemia leads to hypoxia which means lack of oxygen in the blood .There are three main types of anemia which include : 1- Excessive blood loss such as bleeding 2-Excessive blood cell destruction 3-Insufficient red blood cell production within the human body (13). Signs and symptoms of anemia The signs and symptoms of anemia can be related to the anemia itself, or other causes and the women may experience these symptoms differently : In common cases, most women with anemia has a non-specific symptoms such as weakness, or fatigue, general malaise and sometimes poor concentration. In addition, the signs may include abnormal pallor or lack color of the skin, and nail beds upon clinical examination is performed . In severe cases of anemia, there may be signs of circulation disturbances such as tachycardia, and cardiac enlargement. There may be signs of heart failure. and restless legs syndrome is more common in those with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) patients . Swelling of both legs, arms, vomiting, chronic heartburn, and bloody stool may appear in rare cases(14). mhtml:file://C:Documents%20and%20SettingsMARWANMy%20DocumentsAnemia%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.mht!http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Symptoms_of_anemia.png/260px-Symptoms_of_anemia.png Main symptoms that may appear in anemia (14) Diagnosis of anemia In general, In the first time of diagnosis of anemia a simple blood test is ordered by the physician called complete blood counts (CBC ) .Another blood tests can be ordered is examination of a stained blood smear (SBS) by a microscope which could be helpful in the diagnosis of anemia, and sometimes it will be necessary in some countries internationally where automated analysis is not easily accessible. Usually and commonly four blood components are ordered and measured consists of hemoglobin concentration , RBC count, RDW and MCV, allowing others (hematocrit, MCH and MCHC) to be calculated, and to be compared to values according to age and sex. Some counters measurement estimate hematocrit level (Hct) from direct measurements in the same time (15). Table 2.1 WHOs Hemoglobin thresholds used to define anemia (1 g/Dl = 0.6206  mmol/L)(15) Age or gender group Hb threshold (g/dl) Hb threshold (mmol/l) Children (0.5-5.0 yrs) 11,0 6,8 Children (5-12 yrs) 11,5 7,1 Children (12-15 yrs) 12,0 7,4 Women, non-pregnant (>15yrs) 12,0 7,4 Women, pregnant 11,0 6,8 Men (>15yrs) 13,0 8,1 Anemia during pregnancy Anemia in pregnancy is defined as hemoglobin level less than (11g/dl ) or hematocrit level less than (33%) (16). It aggravates the effects of maternal blood loss and infections at childbirth, and is associated with increased maternal mortality and morbidity(17,18). iron deficiency is usually considered as the most common cause of anemia in pregnancy (16). Anemia occurs when the number of red blood cells are very low under the normal level . Red blood cells are very important blood component because they carry oxygen from lungs to all body organs. Without sufficient amount of oxygen, the body cannot work as well as it should. Anemia can affect any individual, but women are at greater risk for this condition. In women, iron and red blood cells are lost when bleeding or hemorrhage occurs from very heavy or long periods (menstruation). Anemia is common among pregnant women because a woman needs to have adequate red blood cells to carry oxygen to women body and to her baby. So its important for women to prevent anemia before, during and after pregnancy. Women will probably be tested for anemia regularly at least twice during pregnancy: during the first prenatal visit and then again between 24 and 28 weeks(19). Anemia is a condition of less red blood cells, or a lack ability of the red blood cells to carry oxygen or iron in the blood. Tissue enzymes dependent on iron in the blood can affect cell function in the body mainly in muscles and nerves .then the fetus is dependent on the mothers blood and anemia can cause problems before and after pregnancy such as preterm birth, poor fetal growth , and low birth weight(20). Main causes of anemia during pregnancy Iron deficiency anemia Women often become anemic during pregnancy because the demand for iron and other vitamins is increased. The mother must increase her production of red blood cells and, in addition, the foetus and placenta need their own supply of iron, which can only be obtained from the mother. In order to have enough red blood cells for the foetus, the body starts to produce more red blood cells and plasma. It has been calculated that the blood volume increases approximately 50 per cent during the pregnancy, although the plasma amount is disproportionately greater. This causes a dilution of the blood, making the hemoglobin concentration fall. This is a normal process, with the hemoglobin concentration at its lowest between weeks 25 and 30. The pregnant woman may need additional iron supplementation, and a blood test called serum ferritin is the best way of monitoring this(21). Illness or Disease Some women may have an illness that causes anemia. Diseases such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia affect the quality and number of red blood cells the body produces. If you have a disease that causes anemia, talk with your health provider about how to treat anemia(22). Types of anemia in pregnancy There are several types of anemia that may occur during pregnancy: Iron deficiency anemia This is the most common type of anemia during pregnancy. It is known as the lack of iron in the blood, which is essential to produce hemoglobin the part of blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and many organs in the body. Good nutrition system to the women before becoming pregnant is very important to help build up these stores and prevent iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy period. Blood loss Blood loss at delivery and after delivery (postpartum) can also cause anemia. The average blood loss with a vaginal birth is about 500 milliliters, and about 1,000 milliliters with a cesarean delivery. Sufficient iron stores can help a woman replace lost red blood cells during delivery. Vitamin B12 deficiency Vitamin B12 is essential in forming red blood cells (RBCs) and in protein synthesis. Women who eat no animal products (vegans) are commonly most likely to develop vitamin B12 deficiency. Including animal foods in the diet such as meats, milk, eggs, and poultry can prevent vitamin B12 deficiency. Very severe vegans usually need supplemental vitamin B12 which usually administered by injection during pregnancy. Folic acid deficiency Folic acid, is a B-vitamin that works with iron to help with cell development and growth. Folic acid deficiency in pregnancy is most commonly associated with iron deficiency since both folic acid and iron are found in the same types of nutrition. Several Studies revealed that folic acid is necessary for women during pregnancy ,this maybe because folic acid help reduce the risk of having congenital baby with certain birth defects of the brain and spinal cord if taken by the women before conception and in early pregnancy (20). Symptoms of anemia during pregnancy Women with anemia during pregnancy may not have obvious symptoms unless the cell counts are very low. The following are the most common symptoms of anemia that may occur in pregnancy. However, each woman may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: pale skin, ,nails, lips, palms of hands labored breathing underside of the eyelids vertigo or dizziness fatigue rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) The symptoms of anemia may similar other conditions or medical problems .So you should always consult your physician for a diagnosis and treatment(20). Diagnosing of anemia during pregnancy Depending on clinical symptoms, anemia is usually discovered during antenatal screening specially in the first visit of pregnant women to the antenatal care clinics for antenatal care and follow up. Normally ,Blood tests are usually measured on the first visit to antenatal health center, and again during pregnancy . A description of Hemoglobin(Hbs) ,red blood cells (RBCs) and their different components will be included in the blood test result. Possible complications of anemia and iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy There are several possible complications may occur during pregnancy which threats women health such as: Breathing difficulty, palpitations and angina. Severe anemia due to hemorrhage or loss of blood after the delivery. In this condition, the woman may be advised to have a blood transfusion as soon as possible (21). Severe anemia related to any reason may lead to hypoxemia and enhances the occurrence of coronary insufficiency and myocardial ischemia. (23). In women with severe iron deficiency, disturbances in function of epithelial tissue is usually occurred . Atrophy of the lingual papillae in the tongue may occur and show a glossy appearance. Also , angular stomatitis may develop associated with fissures at the corners of the mouth. The occurrance of dysphagia may appear with hard diets. Atrophic gastritis occurs in cases of iron deficiency with progressive lack of stomach enzymes production such as loss of acid secretion, pepsin, and intrinsic factor and development of an antibody to gastric parietal cells. Cold intolerance occurs in some cases with chronic iron deficiency anemia and is characterized by neurologic pain , vasomotor disturbances, or tingling and numbness. In rare conditions, severe iron deficiency anemia is associated with increased intracranial pressure. These symptoms can be treated with iron therapy. Impaired immune function is shown in cases with iron deficiency. Moreover, there are reports revealed that those patients are at high risk to develop infection (23). Treatment for anemia in pregnancy Specific treatment for anemia will be identified prescribed by physician based on: Your pregnancy status Overall health, and medical history Extent of the disease Your tolerance for specific medications, or procedures Expectations for the course of the disease Your opinion or preference Treatment of anemia depends on the type and severity of anemia. In cases of iron deficiency anemia treatment includes iron supplements therapy. Some forms are time-released, while others must be taken several times every day. Having iron supplements with a citrus juice can be help with the absorption into the body. Taking antacids may decrease absorption of iron in the blood. There are side effects may occurs when taking Iron supplements such as nausea and stools become dark greenish or black in color. In addition , Constipation may also occur with iron supplements. Prevention of anemia in pregnancy Anemia can be prevented during pregnancy with following a good pre-pregnancy nutrition system not only helps in preventing anemia, but also helps in building other nutritional stores in the mothers body. Having a healthy and balanced diet with essential products of food during pregnancy helps maintain the iron levels and other necessary nutrients needed for the mother health and growing her baby(20). Women education It is important for the public health officials in the geographical regions in which the iron deficiency is prevalent need to be more aware of the significance of iron deficiency, its effect on work performance and activities, and the importance of giving iron supplements during pregnancy and childhood. Moreover, Addition of iron to basic foodstuffs usually employed to solve this problem (24). CHAPTER 3 Women health in Palestine Womens Health Palestinian women have a fundamental right to enjoy the highest possible levels of health and quality of life. MOH works towards the improvement of their health during all phases of lives with wide participation with other key health providers as UNRWA and NGOs. Indicators value Indicators value % of women of child bearing age of total pop 22.3 Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in MOH 35.7 Total fertility rate (5.8 in GS and 4.1 in WB) 4.6 T.T. immunization coverage among newly pregnant women in MOH (99.1 in UNRWA) (%) 42.4 Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live birth 15.4 % of children received breastfeeding 95.6 % of pregnant women attended antenatal care out of total live births 96.5 Mean duration of breastfeeding (months) 10.9 The number of visits paid per pregnant woman in MOH (7.6 in UNRWA) 5.5 Contraceptive prevalence rate (43 in GS, 55.1 in WB) 50.6 % of deliveries in health institution 97 % of IUDs used of total contraceptive methods 32 % of deliveries in home (0.4 in GS, 5.5 in WB) 3.2 % of pills used of total contraceptive methods 38.7 Prevalence of anemia among nursing mother in UNRWA 45.7 Antenatal care services Antenatal care is an essential part of modern health care; such care is every womans right. Health providers must pay serious attention to the health of the pregnant woman and her fetus. In Palestine there are four health sectors providing maternal care; the MOH, UNRWA, the NGOs and the private doctors. There are 353 MCH clinics in MOH and 53 clinics in UNRWA providing antenatal care. The number of visits paid per pregnant woman was 5.5 in Palestine (6.5 in GS and 4.8 in WB). In UNRWA, it was reported at 7.6 visits per pregnant women in Gaza Strip, the percent of women who paid 7-9 visits was 47.5%. According to DHS in 2005, Data showed that 96.5% of women aged 15-49 years received antenatal care in Palestine. There is direct relationship between education level and receipt of antenatal care; women who did not receive antenatal care were more likely to be less educated more than women who received antenatal care. In addition, access to antenatal care decreased with parity, with fewer women accessing antenatal care for their 4th pregnancy or more. High risk pregnancy services Certain conditions or characteristics, called risk factors, make a pregnancy high risk and woman or baby is more likely to become ill or die than usual. Doctors identify these factors and use a scoring system to determine the degree of risk for a particular woman. Identifying high-risk pregnancies ensures that women who most need special medical care. The high-risk program has been implemented in 26 referral governmental clinics in the Gaza Strip and 18 MCH clinics in UNRWA. The percentage of newly pregnant women visits with high-risk pregnancy was 14% of total newly pregnant women in MOH (17.8% in the GS and 11.6% in the WB). The number of visits paid per high-risk pregnant women was 5.2 visits. In UNRWA, the percentage of newly pregnant women visit at high risk and alert pregnancy was 44% from total antenatal visits of newly pregnant women. Out of the total, 40% paid 3-4 visits and 47.7% paid 7-9 visits. During home visit program in Gaza Strip, the factors associated with high risk pregnancy were as shown in the following table; taking in consideration that one woman may have more than one complication: Table 3.1 factors associated with high risk pregnancy Factors Percent % Anemia 48.8 Multipara 27.5 Primapara 25.4 Previous CS 21.6 Hypertention 16 Diabetes 5.5 Pre-eclamptic 2.1 Others 6 Tetanus toxoid immunization The vaccination for pregnant women is taken based on MOH protocol during the first antenatal visit. Immunization coverage among newly pregnant women was 42.4% (25.2% in WB and 64.1% in Gs). In UNRWA, out of total (11,100) pregnant women of 20 weeks and over of gestation, the vaccinated pregnant women were 11,005 with a coverage rate of 99.1% (25) . Anemia among women in Palestine WHO define anemia as Hb is less than 11 gm/dl. The percentage of anemic mothers whom visited the governmental MCH for antenatal care was 38.5% (27.2%in the GS and 50% in the WB) .During study conducted in UNRWA in the year 2005, the prevalence rate of anemia among pregnant women was 35.7% and 45.7% among nursing mothers visited UNRWA-PHC centers for antenatal services in the Gaza Strip. During home visits program which are conducted by Womens Health and development Directorate in MOH, Hemoglobin (HB) has been examined for 1,950 visited mothers after delivery in Shifa as 38.5% (27.2%in the GS and 50% in the WB). During home visits program which are conducted by Womens Health and development Directorate in MOH, Hemoglobin (HB) has been examined for 1,950 visited mothers after delivery in Shifa hospital especially those at high-risk pregnancy or who has complication/s during delivery. The results indicated that 61.6% of women were anemic. Out of the total women, HB was diagnosed 10 gm/d l 11 gm/dl among 38.4% of visited women. Ferrous sulfate and folic acid as a tonic is distributed for pregnant women and children under 3 years in MOH and UNRWA centers free of charge (25) . Table 3.2 Prevalence rate of anemia among women visited UNRWA-PHC centers in Gaza Strip, 2005 Pregnant women Nursing mothers Samples HBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹11gm/dl % Samples HBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹12gm/dl 920 328 35.7 810 370 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY Study design A cross-sectional study design was conducted during August,2009 in order to assess awareness among pregnant women attending UNRWA health care centers for antenatal care , based on health clinics of UNRWA in Gaza strip. Target population All pregnant women who was registered at UNRWA clinics ,both old and new ,who attended for antenatal care during August,2009 in Gaza strip . Sample size A total of 164 women from UNRWA clinics in the middle region of Gaza strip were selected randomly to participate in the survey taking into account the distribution of population in each area to represent the study population fairly. The sample size was calculated by assuming a 95% confidence interval and sampling error no more than (5%) using Yamane formula (1967:886) as follows: Where n is the sample size N is the population e is the sampling error rate (5%) Instrument of the study The instrument used in this study was questionnaire which created to cover the objectives of the study .the questionnaire included four divisions . 1st division: The question is about socio-demographical data of the women including age, educational level, occupation, number of children, economical status and attending health education session .the questions in this division were closed-ended and open-ended. 2nd division: The questions is about knowledge and awareness of women regarding anemia concept ,nutrition ,iron supplements ,and the tea with meals. The questions included 3 choices (completely agree, partially agree and disagree). 3rd division: The questions about opinions and attitudes of women regarding anemia .It included 3 choices (completely agree, partially agree and disagree). 4th division: The questions about health education session regarding anemia. It included 3 choices (completely agree, partially agree and disagree). Data collection Data was collected using the structured questionnaire as a tool to collect data from the samples of study by individual interview performed by the researcher and with assistant of staff in UNRWA clinics who has the experience in data collection and methodology. data analysis After data collection ,the questionnaires were collected and the data was entered to computer software for processing and analysis. the programme used for analysis is (SPSS) statistical package for social sciences software version 15. Ethical consideration Clearance and permission was obtained from Chief Field Health Section of UNRWA in Gaza strip in order to conduct questionnaires survey among refugees pregnant women who attended UNRWA clinics for antenatal care and follow-up in Gaza strip. In addition, the permission was taken from the head of UNRWA clinics and also oral permission was obtained from the women who participated in the survey. CHAPTER 5 RESULTS The current study aimed to assess the awareness of anemia among pregnant women who attended UNRWA clinics for antenatal care. Table 6.1 Age distribution of pregnant women Percent Frequency Age groups (years) 8.5 % 14 Less than 20 34.8 % 57 20 -25 25 % 41 26-30 31.7 % 52 More than 30 100 % 164 Total Table 1.6 shows that most (34.8%) of parti

Essay on Faith in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown -- Young Goodman Bro

Faith in Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚        Ã‚   For those who have not studied the Puritans or their beliefs, Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" is not much more than a story of lost (or maybe just confused) faith. Hawthone, a man of puritan descent, had some oppositions to the ideals that Puritans followed. Some of these ideals are discussed in his "Young Goodman Brown".   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The basic impression that most people have of Puritans "describes them as dour, irascible, self-righteous, hypocritical people who hated sex, joy, and life. They dressed in black, they hated nature, they burned witches, and they repressed all natural desires,". This is the view that influences most people when Puritans appear in literature. We see the stereotypical hatred of the forest (the Devil's playground), the fear of Indians (the Devil's spawn) and the extreme fear of the Devil himself run rampant in "Young Goodman Brown". Hawthorne's description of the forest is very disheartening. "He had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest..." (p 375) This is a rather depressing and f... ... not be so blindly relied upon. However, after a bit more delving, that the story speaks not only of faith and it's hazards, but of the flaws in the puritan system.    1.) Roberts, Trish. Background to the American Puritans.  Ã‚  http://www.missouri.edu/~engpat/purs.html. (accessed 2-1-02) 2.) Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown". printed in: A Handbook of Critical  Approaches to Literature: Fourth Edition. Editors Wilfred L. Guerin, Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, John R. Willingham. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1999.

Case Study Nissan.Com Fundamentals of Ebusiness

1. Nissan Motor Company is concerned about the use of the domain names Nissan. com and Nissan. net because they do not want potential customers to miss finding their site. They feel the name Nissan is associated with their company, that they could lose sales by having a domain name other than nissan. com or nissan. net. However I do not feel that a $10 million dollar judgment is justified. Even if customers will not find Nissan immediately upon using the above domain names, they can use Google or Bing to find the domain name. At this stage of internet use, I think that most users would attempt to find Nissan Motor Company using a search engine. Nissans concern over Uzi Nissans use of the name and websites has to do with brand management. Nissan (Auto Company) feels that by Uzi using the name for his consultant and import/export business, this will confuse consumers that are using the web as a source of information when searching for a car. With most other large auto industry’s-their brand name is also the selling point for the web. When a consumer shopping for a car want to visit Honda, or Toyota, or BMW’s site- you are immediately taken there just by entering in the information to the URL. Nissan. com takes you to Uzi Nissan’s site and to the ongoing issues of the law suit. Nissan Motor feels that Uzi is diluting the Nissan Auto Brand. The error made by Nissan was not purchasing the domain name immediately, however if you do a Google search on Nissan, the website that shows up is Nissanusa. com. The $10 million, in my opinion is really not justifiable. I understand that if Nissan were to obtain the rights to the sites that Uzi has obtained then a change in online branding will need to occur but the justification for that amount is not there. C1. Nissan. com 2. In Uzi Nissans defense, he was granted the rights to use his name to start his online business. This is a direct quote â€Å"In December 1987, I started an import/export business known as â€Å"Nissan International† At that time, Nissan Motor was not well known as Nissan, but primarily as â€Å"DATSUN†. As with the earlier business, I chose to use Nissan in my business name because it was my last name. the domain was registered and promoted as being an internet/computer service provider. Nissan, had done what he felt was right-purchasing and registering the domain names. I do not feel that he has violated any cyber squatting laws, and if he chooses not to sell the names to Nissan Auto Company, he is within his rights. Uzi Nissan feels he should be allowed to us e his family name as a domain name. He purchased the name nissan. com in 1994 and nissan. net in 1996. The name Nissan is a common surname in the Middle East. It is apparent that Mr. Nissan is acting in good faith. He is not attempting to cyber squat, which is evident by his not attempting to sell the domains to Nissan Motor Company. 3. Nissan Auto felt that since â€Å"Nissan† was known for auto, that Uzis brand was diluting the auto brand, causing confusion and negatively impacting on Nissan Auto. However, Nissan as the large industry that it is should have been on the ball when registering domain names. Also-they should have originally followed up with their lawyers cist and desist order instead of allowing that letter to fall through the cracks-not communicating with Uzi Nissan. Nissan Motor Company feels that Nissan Computer’s use of Nissan. om and Nissan. net will confuse the consumer. They argue that when people hear the name ‘Nissan’, they think Nissan cars and trucks. They legally offered a generous amount of C1. Nissan. com money to Nissan Computer to purchase the above domain names. In 2003, the court has ordered Nissan Computer not to use the two domain na mes commercial purposes, but it appears that Nissan Computer is not following this practice. Though it appears that the law suit is still going on I feel that Uzi Nissans right to use his sites, which he purchased, registered and used for his computer/Internet export /import business was not a fair decision. His sites are not diluting Nissan Auto-In fact now with the ruling in hand it seems that the only purpose of the Nissan. com and Nissan. net sites are to inform the public about the ongoing battle between one man and a major auto company-if anything It seems to be bad publicity and Nissan Auto could have focused their energy elsewhere. 4. I do not believe this ruling is fair. I personally have come across several websites where the domain name was not the name I expected it to be, based on the company name. However, the domain name used was close enough to the company name for consumers to associate the name and the domain name. As mentioned in item #1, with search engines such as Google and Bing being widely used, most people using the web can find a company’s website even if the domain name is not exactly the same as the company name. While there should be laws on cyber squatting, I think there should be some type of ‘grandfather’ clause on domain name registration starting with the year 1995. This grandfather clause would eliminate the type of situation that these two companies find themselves in, and thus Nissan Computer Company could use their nissan. com and nissan. net domain names.

Marketing Management †Caselet on Organic Foods Essay

Overall Understanding of the Case, 3 C’s Scenario and Analysis Of Complete Marketing Environment : Organic food refers to food items that are produced, processed and packaged without using chemicals. Organic food is increasingly becoming popular due to its perceived health benefits over conventional food. The industry is growing rapidly since the past five years and has caught the attention of farmers, manufacturers and, above all, consumers. The health benefits of organic food are more perceived than real. However, the public opinion that organic food is healthier than conventional food is quite strong and is the sole reason for about 30% growth in the organic food industry since the past 5-6 years In general, organic food consumers, manufacturers and farmers strongly believe in organic food having following benefits over non organic food: ? Better health: Since organic food is not prepared using chemical fertilizers and pesticides, it does not contain any traces of these strong chemicals and might not affect the human body. Better taste: People strongly believe that organic food tastes better than non organic food. The prominent reason for this belief is that it is produced using organic means of production. Further organic food is often sold locally resulting in availability of fresh produce in the market. Environment safety: As harmful chemicals are not used in organic farming, there is minimal soil, air and water pollution; thus ensuring a safe world for future generations to live in. Animal welfare: Animal welfare is an important aspect of producing organic milk, organic meat, organic poultry, and organic fish. People feel happy that the animals are not confined to a miserable caged life while eating organic animal products. ? ? ? Popular organic food items include organic tea, organic coffee, organic wine, organic meat, organic beef, organic milk, organic honey, organic vegetables, organic fruits, organic rice, organic corn, organic herbs, organic essential oils, organic coconut oil and organic olive oil. Indians prefer organic preserves, tea, honey, cashew butter and various flours. The organic concept is not limited to food items. Due to excessive usage of harmful chemicals in cosmetics, people are turning towards organic cosmetics, clothing etc. ACNielsen, survey suggests preference of consumers for functional foods – foods that have additional health benefits. India was among the top ten countries where health food, including organic food, was demanded by the consumers. Around the globe, Organic alternatives are purchased mainly for health reasons. Over two thirds of survey respondents think that organic foods are healthier for them and their children. This healthy perception is consistently strong across the Asia Pacific region. Online Indians top the list with 87 percent of consumers purchasing organic foods motivated by the perceived benefits they can derive for their children’s’ health. Health Benefit for kids is seen, hence even willing to pay more. Organic food market is still a developing market, especially in India. Most of the people who eat organic food don’t buy it regularly. Hence need to sell other health products too if one wishes to get a daily (or at least weekly) visit from their customers. Indian organic food consumer needs education. ? There are many consumers who are unaware of the difference between natural and organic food. Many people purchase products labeled as Natural thinking that they are Organic. Organic food refers to food items that are produced, manufactured and handled using organic means. Natural food, on the other hand, generally refers to food items that are not altered chemically or synthesized in any form. These are derived from plants and animals. Thus a natural food item is not necessarily organic and vice versa. Further, consumers are not aware of the certification system. Since certification is not compulsory for domestic retail in India, many fake organic products are available in the market. ? Q. 1 (a) Your organization , which already markets branded Indian spices and flours, is planning to enter the domestic market with organic foods in related products. Segment the market for organic foods, specify the target you as an organization will choose and develop a positioning platform. The Company is already into branded Indian spices and flours ( Consumer non durable category ) and has a robust Intensive Distribution channel & market share. They can use this strength in making the Marketing environment conducive to launching organic foods in the related products. Understand Consumer decision making process : Company needs to focus on the benefits and experiences ( Basic need of Hunger, Security need of being safer option and Health ) produced by these Organic foods over non organic ones & Question why their consumer will / is buying the Organic products. Concentrate on the Health need, influence consumers by educating them and providing adequate information on Organic foods. Allow them to evaluate alternatives and make firm and favourable purchase decisions. The company will expand market share basis this and increase customer satisfaction & resultant profits. Create pull with adequate & clear communication and use ultimate push at dealer / distributor end – i. e. modern retail format – in-store promotions In terms of opportunity will look at i) Product Development i. e. new organic products in present market and also ii) Related Product Diversification – New organic product in new market – from normal branded Spices & Flours to Organic ones. Can further expand the product line by adding packaged Organic Bread with added supplements / vitamins ; Whole grain, high fibre products ; Cereals and pulses. At a later stage also introduce other Organic food product lines like Vegetables, Fruits, Fruit juices etc. Marketing will determine which attributes are most important in influencing a consumer’s choice to purchase. Initially being a Consumer nondurable ( FMCG ) category of product, the involvement will be low. But with the increased awareness, emphasis on the emotional Health need, Credence attribute, consistent quality and value to customer, can look at moving our products to high involvement and Brand loyality. Therefore, creating awareness amongst consumers and within the distribution chain could be seen as an opportunity for marketers to find a positioning for Organic foods claiming health benefits, to reach out to a wider base. Product – Will prefer to choose Organic flours first then spices to begin with as flours are Base foods which are consumed in larger quantity as compared to spices which are Ingredient foods, consumed in lesser quantity. Also base foods have a larger reach and are considered more important as compared to ingredient foods. Segmentation : Name of Product : Potential customer needs : Organic Foods – Flours – Base Foods Basic Hunger need : Base Food Security need : Safe/No Harmful Chemicals / Clean Sub market : Determining variables : Consumer Characteristics Emotional need : Healthy Tasty and Nutritious Pure / Unadulterated High Fibre content Non Polluting / Environment Friendly Base Food : Flour Health & Nutrition B2B – Health Food Restaurants Health & nutrition value Availability Awareness Calorie / Nutrition info Children Health conscious Mothers Earning members of family Elders in family with special health needs. Further Segmentation Geographic – Metro – A class cities Demographic – Income – High income group families Age / Occupation – Children : 3-15 yrs / Students Earning members of family : 25 – 60 yrs /Professionals Elders : 60 yrs + / Retired Psychographic – Health and fitness conscious With special health needs – like Nutrition, BP, Diabetes, Tension, Obesity etc Cultural shifts: lifestyle, leisure Target chosen : Customer : Mother – working / homemaker Consumer : Children Will first target Children Health needs, then at later stages of acceptance can cover all other areas of consumers and also introduce more product lines and variants as discussed earlier. Position : Positioning by Benefits : Basis is the benefit consumer gets in using the product, Product Promise POSITIONING STATEMENT : IT IS A ORGANIC FLOUR, BETTER THAN THE NORMAL NON ORGANIC FLOURS BECAUSE IT IS HARMFUL CHEMICAL FREE AND HENCE MORE HEALTHY AND NUTRITIOUS FOR GROWING CHILDREN The company will talk about the Farm to Fork concept – ie from unpolluted Creation to Consumption Everything is Organic, in the purest form. There is nothing artificial about it For a. Healthier India Will educate existing consumers, create awareness wrt FAB of Organic Foods through all possible areas of Media like TV, Print, In store promotions, Outdoor, Sampling, Demos, Direct mailers, Schools info sessions, Nutrition talks / classes, School Canteens, Health food outlets, Health food restaurants, Exercise areas, Public chat rooms, online etc Q. 1(b) Based on the above question’s answer – Assume that the organic food category is in the introduction phase of PLC, accordingly what would be the major marketing decisions at this stage? Do you expect the adoption rate to be fast or slow? Justify. Major marketing decisions at this introduction phase of PLC As discussed above in the Overall Understanding of the Case, 3 C’s Scenario and Analysis Of Complete Marketing Environment and the Product STP, initially mass market the product through existing Intensive distribution network. This stage will see more of Product information through Promotional campaigns to increase Public awareness, which will then Stimulate demand. The later growth & maturity stages of PLC will see more of Brand Promotion and Market segmentation ( also see above ) Product chosen – Base food – flour , can move to whole grain organic bread / biscuits / pasta Also later Organic ingredient foods like spices, condiments Expand in the area of Organic pulses, vegetables, fruits, juices & preserves. Price – Premium / atleast 20% above normal non organic foods Place – Modern trade / also Health food Restaurants tie up like Subway etc which will exclusively use our organic flours for their whole wheat & multi grain breads. Promotion – In shop education, in store activation to educate consumer. Media like TV, Print, In store promotions, Outdoor, Sampling, Demos, Direct mailers, Schools info sessions, Nutrition talks / classes, School Canteens, Health food outlets, Health food restaurants, Exercise areas, Public chat rooms, online etc Initial Adoption rate will be slow. But with sustained awareness will wait for the tipping point in our favour. As new product category, greater awareness is required There is already a Movement towards natural foods from synthetic / chemical based foods : Beverages – Aerated drinks to juices, Tropicana, Real, no preservatives – LMN, Neebooz, Lemonez, Green tea. Base foods – white to brown – whole grain, multigrain breads, flour Cosmetics – study says 66% of what we apply is absorbed by body – harmful chemicals etc, Hence move towards organic & safe products eg Body Shop, Biotique etc Organic food market small now but Volume to come from growing trend of Health & Environment conscious campaigns and followers who will in turn be major influencers in buying decisions of people. Market will grow and prosper – by creating new market for safe, healthy, and environmentally friendly Organic Foods. Also with this the Company will maintain credibility and constantly improve quality and offerings to suit customer needs and hence hope to create a big brand with loyal customers over a sustained period of time.

Darwinius - Facts and Figures

Darwinius - Facts and Figures Name: Darwinius (after naturalist Charles Darwin); pronounced dar-WIN-ee-us Habitat: Woodlands of western Europe Historical Epoch: Middle Eocene (47 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and 5 pounds Diet: Probably omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; primate-like anatomy About Darwinius To many paleontologists, Darwinius is a case study in how scientific discoveries should not be communicated to the general public. Although the well-preserved fossil of this prehistoric primate was unearthed way back in 1983, it wasnt until recently that an enterprising team of researchers got around to examining it in detail. Rather than share their findings with other paleontologists, the team started a bidding war for book and TV coverage, so that Darwinius was announced all at once to the world in 2009most notably in an extensively hyped documentary on the History Channel. The premise of all the publicity: Darwinius lay at the root of human evolution, and was thus our oldest direct ancestor. As you might expect, there was an immediate backlash from the scientific community. Some experts maintained that Darwinius wasnt all it was cracked up to be, especially since it was closely related to another well-known early primate, Notharctus. Most at issue was the TV documentarys breathless use of the phrase missing link, implying that Darwinius somehow led directly to modern humans (to most of the lay public, the phrase missing link in the context of human evolution implies a simian ancestor that lived at most a couple of million years ago, not nearly 50!) Where do matters stand now? Well, the scientific community is still examining the fossil evidenceas should have happened before the announcement of Darwinius, not after.

poem essays

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Analysis Of The Reasons Of Democratization

Analysis Of The Reasons Of Democratization In general, the reasons of democratization shift in different countries. Samuel P. Huntington raises five main elements to explain his points of view. The author would like to examine how these five factors resulted in the democratization in South Korea and are the exclusive reasons. Besides, does China have difficulty to become a democratic country only because it lacks of these five conditions? Infection results: it means when the other countries start to call for the democracy, the countries nearby would be affected and the citizens would appeal to their government to reform and therefore forms the domino effect. For instance, the third wave in East Europe in 1990’s and the fourth wave democratization in North Africa in 2011. The collapse of the authoritarian government: when the current regime couldn’t provide the basic need of its people and maintain the order of the politics, civilians will call for the reform and even the revolution to rebuild the democratic reg ime. The collapse of USSR is one of the examples and we can see that due to its serious problem brought by the economic recession. The growth of economic system: the notion of the liberalism indicates that the boost in economic growth will create the richer middle-class which would ask for the opportunities of getting involved in politics. In this kind of situation, the social mobilization and the information will become faster to decrease the legitimacy of the authoritarian government. South Korea and Taiwan belong to this part. The choice of political leaders: one of the crucial keys come from the elites of the ruling classes, especially when the leaders become aware of the transition of the environment makes the democracy is the only cure to maintain the current regime. For instance, the former President of South Africa Frederik Willem de Klerk leaded South Africa to a democratic country. Influence of actors outside of the country: the impact of actions from foreign organizations or countries would construct the pressure to the autocratic regime. For example, the collapse of the Philippine of Marcos regime. The reasons for South Korea’s democratization The reasons for South Korea’s democratization are extensive and diversified. We can take our points of view from different angles including economic growth, social structure, political culture and the transition of history. The theory of Huntington elaborate the overall structure enables us to relate different events happened in South Korea to the factors of democratization. The author would like to use Huntington theory as the main stream to explain the reasons of democratization. We can general discover some of the elements of the theory of Huntington are the main reasons to give an impetus to the democratization but some are not. Economic growth is not necessary to become the direct element to democratization of South Korea Just like Huntington mentioned in his book of the third wave, â€Å" An overall correlation exists between the level of economic development and democracy have no level or pattern of economic development is in itself either necessary or sufficient to bring about democratization.†Ã‚   [ 1 ]   We can conclude from most of the third wave countries that the success of the democratization of third countries that there will be mass middle-class emerging before the formal democratization. This could be proved by the countries in the third wave are mostly the higher developing countries.   [ 2 ]   However, the GDP growth rate in South Korea in 1960 -1980’s is averagely 8.5-8.9%   [ 3 ]   , which is higher than lots of Latin American countries. But the time of democratization in South Korea was later than Latin American countries. This is explained by Huntington in his article in 1984 that he thought this is an exception.   [ 4 ]   To conclude, Huntington pointed out there might be two reasons; the first one is the tradition Confuci anism emphasize the structure of the social levels, authority, community, and loyalty which postponed the society’s requests of democracy, and the second reason is because the rapid economic growth happened in a relatively equal income distribution environment. However, when it reached the critical point in 1980’s, it forced South Korea to begin its democratization.   [ 5 ]

Are the Challenges Facing Contemporary Africans the Product of Research Paper

Are the Challenges Facing Contemporary Africans the Product of Internal or External Historical Forces - Research Paper Example This despite a lot of efforts being channeled towards solving these problems, a lot of foreign aid is used to help these particular societies. Even though many non-stake organizations put of attention towards trying to solve these problems, still there are a lot of challenges. The main problem remains as the most potential strategies to salvage Africa from the problems; what or when will Africa much other continents social, political and particular economic strength? Many African scholars such as Ngugi wa Thiongo and Chinua Achebe1 have always associated the problem facing the African continent today as a result of the coming of Europeans to Africa. The introduction of western culture and civilization, which according to these writers brought the continent to its knees and began to creep into Africa when foreigners mainly Europeans started arriving into the continent. They criticize Europeans as having the quest to impose imperial ideologies and pilfering African resources, and it is this foundation that African scholars fill continued to infiltrate the continent even after independence. In the 21st century, the following are some of the principle challenges facing Africa as a continent. External Factors Economic constrains The economic effects laid down by colonialism continue to be felt by the five million inhabitants of Africa. Many African scholars such as Dr Ibrahim Farah do maintain a strong feeling that colonialism should be viewed as a progressive integration of Africa into the world capitalist system where it was given the role of producing raw materials for the western industrial products. This colonial economy also diverted Africa societies to divert Agriculture to production of primary goods and cash crop which have led to the continuous hunger situation in the continent. Africa elites blame the colonial economy for encouraging Africa to produce ''more of what was needed least rather than more of what was needed most'', this is what explains why Afr ica has continued to sink into the balance of payment deficit e because the income they fetch from their exports is far much less than the revenue they spend on imports2. Rodney goes further to echo the same sentiments when he argues that the systematic corrupt enterprises established by the colonies to expropriate African natural resources to Europe. This facilitated what is today seen as under-development of Africa while it engendered the development of Europe. It is how the colonial master led to the re organs action of African economy that has today altered the manner in which people produce, consume and create things within the continent-colonialism came with new-liberalism a phenomena that seeks to enforce the principle law of demand and supply that is forces of demand and supply should be left to make the leading role in the market structure distorted the African way of life, which was communal and appropriate for the African setting. In addition this system substituted it wi th liberalism which was foreign and in this case alien for the African societies. Socially, colonialism as an external factor responsible for the problems facing African continent today greatly affected the close knit family structure and fragmentation of social relation. Colonialism is also responsible for urbanization that led to rapid exodus of masses from rural areas to urban centers. This had two

ICT Strategic Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ICT Strategic Plan - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  ICTs are widely being implemented and are used by fisheries sectors for various purposes such as resource assessment and in commercialization purposes. The ICTs strategic plan implemented in Australia have enabled the Australian fishermen to exploit various opportunities such as the use of Global Positioning System for location finding and navigation. ICT has also reduced risk to fishermen through information exchange and emergency warning. At present, the fishermen have access to web-based data/ information along with networking sources.This report outlines that  during November 2007, The Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) was liable for the development of ICT strategic plan and roadmap. The plan would stress on 2005 Strategic IT Review and further it would provide vital initiatives to AFMA which would be implemented over the period of next three years i.e. from 2008 to 2011. AFMA was supposed to invest approximately AUD 7.3 millio n for the implementation of ICT strategic plan, during these three year period. The investment program would include sixteen distinct initiatives which would cover forty nine recommendations.  The initiatives were to be undertaken on three vital functions related with the fisheries management, these consist of monitoring and research, compliance and licensing and quota management.  AFMA was able to record 12% improvement in conformity with the vessel monitoring system across the Commonwealth fishing areas during the year 2008 when compared to 2007.

Anti keylogger techniques Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anti keylogger techniques - Literature review Example The recent increase in internet usage means that that the disadvantages of key-loggers outweigh its productive uses. The source amplifies how key-loggers are a serious threat to privacy and security, especially because they are barely discernible against anti-virus and spyware applications. Transient kernel control flow attacks are an innovative group of stealthy kernel-level malware that apply dynamic soft timers to attain considerable work while evading any continual alterations to kernel code or data (Wei, Payne, Giffin, and Pu, 2008). To defend against attacks such as stealthy key logger and a CPU cycle stealer, it is essential to examine the static analysis of the entire kernel. The source affirms that through this, one can identify and catalog all genuine STIR in a database. At run-time, a reference monitor in a reliable virtual machine allows the implementation of recognized and good soft timer interrupt requests and averts implementation of all unidentified STIRs. Schiffman and Kaplan (2014) present new SMM-based malware that usurps USB host controllers to interrupt USB events. System Management Mode (SMM) in x86 can manage physical hardware that the host operating system cannot notice virtually. It is a new class of malware with unbelievable power that helps to transform kernel data structures and trapping on I/O registers to execute PS/2 key loggers. In essence, it helps SMM root kits to manage USB devices straightforwardly without while denying the OS kernel from receiving USB-related hardware interrupts. Schiffman and Kaplan also discuss a proof-of-concept USB key logger, which are harder to identify than previous SMM-based key loggers that are activated by OS actions like port I/O. The source further suggests extra extensions to this technique and processes to avoid and moderate such attacks. Gupta, Sengupta, Bhattacharyya, and Chattrejee (2009) present a user verification

Reflection paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflection - Research Paper Example I like this film because the director is able to find out an apt solution for the emotional problems faced by the high school students. Problems faced by teenagers/adolescents The teenagers/adolescents feel that that they are no more children. On the other side, elders are not ready to consider them as grown up individuals. This status between the worlds of children and elders is really frustrating for the teenagers/adolescents. So, the teenagers/adolescents in high schools are forced to form their own gangs or cliques. In the film, the children from the Shermer High School undergo detention and this change their lives. Barsanti (2010) stated that, â€Å"A cross-section of high schoolers spend Saturday detention testing each other’s limits, probing for weaknesses, categorizing, and defining† (p.49). The students are aware of the fact that they are from different groups and cliques. In the beginning, they refuse to share their personal matters. Gradually, they began to s hare their personal matters and the problems faced by them. In the film, the teenager named as Allison Reynolds reveals that she is compulsive liar. On the other side, John Bender is facing some adjustment problem at his home because homely matters disturb him a lot. In the end, all the children came to realize the fact that they face similar problems. Most of the parents consider that their children should obey them without any objection. One can see that the grass root level reason behind the faced by teenagers/adolescents is interconnected with their families. For instance, the high school children in the film face a number of problems in their families and this leads to further problems at the school. Their hatred towards their parents eventually leads them towards misbehavior and punishment. So, this film reveals that the elders must try to understand the fact that family problems can lead teenagers/adolescents to misbehavior at schools. Family circumstance and individual devel opment In my opinion, family circumstance can exert positive or negative influence on individual development. For instance, most of the troublemakers at schools are from broken families. When a child is not able to have enough emotional attachment at home, it will react in a different way. One can see that the most important factor behind the success of a family is unity or deep relationship among the members. If the elder members of a family fail to provide enough love and care to the youngsters, there exists high possibility for emotional problems. In the film, problems within the private circle leads the children towards further problems at their school. On the other side, their teachers are not ready to find out the reason behind their misbehavior. For instance, their teacher (Mr. Vernon) never tires to find out the reason behind their misconduct. If the teacher tries to talk with them, he can easily find out the problem and can help them to overcome the same. I consider that th e students must try to discuss their problems with their teachers. If students face some problem in their private circle, they can discuss the same with their teachers. In the film, peer group influence is strong among the students and they are not aware of the drawbacks of the same. So, the director makes use of the lives of high school children to reveal the relationship between family circumstan

Cyber security Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cyber security - Coursework Example An example of how cultural values impact on the moral legitimacy can be drawn on the norms regarding theft in society. The golden rule concerning ethical behavior stresses on treating other as you would wish for them to treat you (Cavalier, 2005). Consequently, the cultural norm pertaining to theft is that, it is a vice and a morally illegitimate behavior. On the other hand, if one’s cultural values ascribe to the ethics that justifies an action is morally right so long as it results to personal interest, the moral legitimacy is granted (Spinello, 2004). The implication, resulting here is that theft is morally justified since it serves to benefit the thief. The linkage between the effect cultural values and cyber ethics is intricate and drawn from the moral legitimacy of one’s actions (Spinello, 2000). For, example in the case of content piracy, it is a form of theft yet based on the actor’s different points of view, issues pertaining to legitimacy arise. Foremos t, there is one individual who views content piracy as illegal and a violation of cyber ethics. His/her logic is drawn from the tenets of the Golden rule. However, on the flip side, there is one internet user who justifies his/her action based on the personal benefit derived from the action. His or her logic arguments include; why pay for expensive, when I can freely download it from the piracy sites? Besides, I am not harming anyone by my actions? Consequently, the different perspective regarding one’s cultural values and legitimacy of moral actions are the major challenges about the regulation of cyber ethics. Topic 2 Ethics refers to the prescribed set of laws that govern the precincts of right or wrong behavior or actions in society (Averweg, 2006). The contemporary society is rapidly developing into a global village due to increased access and growth of information technology. Furthermore, companies have integrated information technology in facilitating their day to day functions. Beneath the growing fascination with internet use, there lies the need for developing a code of ethics that guides the behavior and actions of employees in the use of information and communication technologies. There are several practices that can be integrated in the acceptable internet use policy of a company. Foremost, guidelines should specify that data must be strictly used for the satisfaction of the company’s business objectives. Furthermore, access to the internet can only be done via the company’s authorized firewall, router and content scanning software. Moreover, any employee accessing data should respect and comply with the legal protection accorded to it by the relevant licenses and copyrights. In addition guidelines regarding security of both data collected and user should be addressed. Consequently, security measures such as encryptions and firewall software are to be applied in the company’s computer server system (Criddle). In relatio n to the acceptable conduct policy, a specific guideline for inclusion pertains to disclosure of data use information. Consequently, all employees are obligated to disclose any information regarding the type of data they store and their plans for usage. Furthermore, company staff should only access and collect data in a manner that is not deemed as illegal or unfair. Another guideline pertains to the accuracy of data collection and retention policy. In light of this policy, all employees

Beginnings of Bionic Flexible, stretchable electronics could launch Essay - 1

Beginnings of Bionic Flexible, stretchable electronics could launch cyborg era - Essay Example A common goal of these groups of scientists is to develop products that are efficient in performance. These are aimed to aid in the deliverance of therapeutic regimens and also in patient examination for vital symptoms (Rosen 18). Rosen goes ahead to provide examples of ongoing strategies in this interesting field combining physics, biomedical and biological sciences. For instance, she gives novel innovations carried out by a scientist at the University of Illinois. In his study, the group has focused in the advancement and development of gadgets that can detect unpredictable beats or spasms and bring these impulses back to normal. Such devices are beneficial in the treatment and control of epileptic seizures that account for neurobehavioral comorbidities worldwide (Rosen, 18). The incorporation of electronics within the human body continue to provide phenomenal advancement in terms of medical care and treatment. The integration of easy to bend electronics into balloon catheters, surgical gloves and stitches is extremely important complex health conditions diagnosis. Rosen implies that although these studies possess a brighter future, they are equally faced with myriad of challenges. This is because most of these studies make use of silicon that has also been used in the manufacture of computer chips. A disadvantage of this material is attributed to its mechanical properties of brittleness and hardness. However, this material has dominated global research in terms of its purification, doping and manufacturing of devices out of the silicon. As expected, research continues to go on with the aim of making silicon blend within the human body. For instance, Rogers and his research group are devising ways of coming up with ultrathin ribbons out of silicon. Such ribbons are capable of stretching and being flexible without any breakage tendencies. These silicon ribbons have been used in epidermal research whereby they have been used in sensing changes in

Cyber security Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cyber security - Coursework Example An example of how cultural values impact on the moral legitimacy can be drawn on the norms regarding theft in society. The golden rule concerning ethical behavior stresses on treating other as you would wish for them to treat you (Cavalier, 2005). Consequently, the cultural norm pertaining to theft is that, it is a vice and a morally illegitimate behavior. On the other hand, if one’s cultural values ascribe to the ethics that justifies an action is morally right so long as it results to personal interest, the moral legitimacy is granted (Spinello, 2004). The implication, resulting here is that theft is morally justified since it serves to benefit the thief. The linkage between the effect cultural values and cyber ethics is intricate and drawn from the moral legitimacy of one’s actions (Spinello, 2000). For, example in the case of content piracy, it is a form of theft yet based on the actor’s different points of view, issues pertaining to legitimacy arise. Foremos t, there is one individual who views content piracy as illegal and a violation of cyber ethics. His/her logic is drawn from the tenets of the Golden rule. However, on the flip side, there is one internet user who justifies his/her action based on the personal benefit derived from the action. His or her logic arguments include; why pay for expensive, when I can freely download it from the piracy sites? Besides, I am not harming anyone by my actions? Consequently, the different perspective regarding one’s cultural values and legitimacy of moral actions are the major challenges about the regulation of cyber ethics. Topic 2 Ethics refers to the prescribed set of laws that govern the precincts of right or wrong behavior or actions in society (Averweg, 2006). The contemporary society is rapidly developing into a global village due to increased access and growth of information technology. Furthermore, companies have integrated information technology in facilitating their day to day functions. Beneath the growing fascination with internet use, there lies the need for developing a code of ethics that guides the behavior and actions of employees in the use of information and communication technologies. There are several practices that can be integrated in the acceptable internet use policy of a company. Foremost, guidelines should specify that data must be strictly used for the satisfaction of the company’s business objectives. Furthermore, access to the internet can only be done via the company’s authorized firewall, router and content scanning software. Moreover, any employee accessing data should respect and comply with the legal protection accorded to it by the relevant licenses and copyrights. In addition guidelines regarding security of both data collected and user should be addressed. Consequently, security measures such as encryptions and firewall software are to be applied in the company’s computer server system (Criddle). In relatio n to the acceptable conduct policy, a specific guideline for inclusion pertains to disclosure of data use information. Consequently, all employees are obligated to disclose any information regarding the type of data they store and their plans for usage. Furthermore, company staff should only access and collect data in a manner that is not deemed as illegal or unfair. Another guideline pertains to the accuracy of data collection and retention policy. In light of this policy, all employees

Ethical Argument Cover Letter Essay Example for Free

Ethical Argument Cover Letter Essay This is my submission for the Ethical Argument writing assignment. I was asked to choose a topic to write and I chose to write about the Ethical Arguments against Abortion. Initially, I had many choices but I landed on this mainly because this is a broad topic as it covers science, religion, and human rights. Since this is a broad topic, it was also difficult to choose which part of abortion is suitable for this argument and which part of abortion I can write without injecting my personal views and opinion. Thus, I decided to write to focus on why abortion is acceptable for the case of life endangerment and why it can’t be accepted in rape cases. The purpose of this essay is to show arguments about the legalization of abortion with regards to life endangerment against rape case. Perhaps, the most difficult part of writing this paper is to weigh objectively the stand of abortion in the two cases given in this essay. However, the parallel or example I gave helped me arrive to the argument I presented. I hope that this writing will meet your requirements and I would be glad to receive some feedbacks from you. Respectfully Yours, Student’s Name Student’s Name Professor’s Name Subject 29 April 2009 Ethical Arguments against Abortion For years, we have heard a lot of arguments against abortion; arguments as to why or why not abortion should be legalized. It seems to be a never-ending debate especially when taken from a pro-life perspective. Arguments against abortion often range from objections based on the USA’s constitution protection of the rights to human life to biblical belief that human life starts at conception. However, more arguments and objections arise when a law justifying abortion for mothers whose lives are endangered because of pregnancy has been approved, whereas others are questioning that if this is permissible, why can’t rape cases be? This essay offers arguments and responses as to why it is morally illegitimate to have abortion in the event of rape, while it is fairly acceptable to commit abortion when the mother’s life is endangered. Let’s look at the rape issue first. One of the fundamental beliefs of person’s rights regarding any system concerning the use of disciplinary force is that is to be applied only against those individuals responsible for the initiation of force. In this situation, the guilty party is the rapist and not the fetus. Moreover, in this case, the law might legally grant its authority to terminate the rapist, since rape is considered as an abominable crime, but not the child, even if the child’s dependence on his mother was the result of the rape. Let me give you a parallel. Imagine that there are two mutually unfriendly people living in the same building during the bombing raids of Hitler in 1940. A bomb is thrown into the building and this causes all possible exits to collapse while destroying all the walls that separate the neighbors. In effect, they are forced to share the same space and work with each other in the hopes to channel themselves out despite a mutual dislike. Does the given scenario justify one of the two unfriendly neighbors killing the other because of the inconvenience caused by the other, even though none of them had really caused it, or wouldn’t it be proper to demand justice from the Nazi air marshal who had originally commanded the bombing raids? Although the bombing and rape are two immensely unlikely scenarios, both are possible and the possible circumstances here are parallel to that of a pregnancy caused by rape. Going to the mother’s life endangerment issue, no individual is really obliged to his or her own life to save another person’s life. Therefore, when it can be proved medically that the mother’s life is in fact significantly endangered by a pregnancy, then, an abortion may be undertaken as a final resort and an only situation where it is possible to support legal abortion and to remain loyal to the individual rights’ principle; however, it is not an ordinary situation. Rather, it is considered an emergency, or a sort of situation as addressed in The Ethics of Emergencies written by Ayn Rand as part of her essay collection â€Å"The Virtue of Selfishness†. An emergency is an unchosen, unexpected event, limited in time that creates conditions under which human survival is impossible such as a flood, an earthquake, a fire, a shipwreck. It is only in emergency situations that one should volunteer to help strangers. For instance, a man who values human life and is caught in a shipwreck, should help to save his fellow passengers (though not at the expense of his own life). But this does not mean that after they all reach shore, he should devote his efforts to saving them from poverty, ignorance, neurosis or whatever other troubles they might have. Nor should he spend his life sailing the seven seas in search of shipwreck victims to save. (The Virtue of Selfishness) From this definition alone, the situation of a mother whose life is endangered because of pregnancy is considered as an emergency as long as the mother has no idea that her pregnancy would put her life into danger. However, if from the start, the mother already knew about her medical condition that pregnancy will do her no good, it must be her responsibility to avoid becoming pregnant and must do her best to protect her health. Should she decide to face the risk, aborting the baby must not be done. In addition, Rand writes in her essay that emergencies are always exempted from the rule. They are not the normal state of ethical human relations or of human existence. To say that such extreme action may be allowed in emergencies is simply not to extend the acceptability or tolerability to the realm of human existence as dealt with by the basics or fundamentals of ethics. So, just because abortion may be justified as a final resort in some unexpected circumstances, this does not mean that the general legalization of abortion may be justified, especially with the fact that most cases of abortion occur because a woman has gone through indiscriminate sexual relations and has never wished to bring upon herself the objective consequences of such actions which are the pregnancy and the responsibility and obligation of bringing up a child. Work Cited Rands, Ayn. â€Å"The Virtue of Selfishness† 28 December 2008. Glyn Hughes Squashed Philosophers. 29 April 2009. http://www. btinternet. com/~glynhughes/squashed/rand. htm Annotated Bibliography Rands, Ayn. â€Å"The Virtue of Selfishness† 28 December 2008. Glyn Hughes Squashed Philosophers. 29 April 2009. http://www. btinternet. com/~glynhughes/squashed/rand. htm Rand’s essay collection â€Å"The Virtue of Selfishness† offers the basic or fundamental social principle of Objectivist ethics that life is simply an end itself, which simply means that every human being is an end himself. This also explains that man must live only for his own self and neither to sacrifice himself for others, nor having others to sacrifice themselves for him. The chapters in this essay collection could be easily included in the ethical argument writing especially when the topic is about sacrificing oneself or sacrificing others for the benefit of the other just like the topic in this argument.

Customer Care And Complaint Resolution Policies Commerce Essay

Customer Care And Complaint Resolution Policies Commerce Essay At Romans Pizza, According to Chenet and Johansen (2006) customer care is the ability to inspire trust by being courteous, knowing ones products and understanding the customers needs. Complaint Resolution Policies are defined as To see the analysis of customer care and complaint resolution policies at Romans Pizza, this project consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 will explain the background and brief description of Romans Pizza which will be including the background of Romans pizza, about the good and the service of the product and lastly about the industry. While chapter 2 is based on customer care policy, vision and mission statement of Romans Pizza and their impacts on customer care operations. In chapter 3 all complaints which Romans Pizza face frequently will be touched and ways of logging complaints by customers and who is responsible for attending customers complaints. Chapter 4 will look at the resolution process followed by Romans Pizza and turn around time taken to resolve the complaints and how the VIP customers are handled while chapter 5 will focus on the review process of the complaints raised by customers including how the escalations are handled and how complaint resolution closed. However a s researchers we will also recommend to the management in terms of how they can improve on customer service considering that this is a more competitive and even globalized world .this research work shall be handed over to management. CHAPTER 1 THE FIRM Researchers used Romans Pizza Time Beaters (Pvt) Ltd as a case study and conducted a research based on an Analysis of Customer Care and Complaint resolution Policies. This firm was found in 1993 when Arthur Nicolakakis bought over a struggling Pizzeria. He had a vision to provide the best quality product at the lowest price. Its goal today is still to be the best value for money in the industry. Here in Botswana its operations started in September 2010, opening a single outlet in Gaborone which is located at Game City mall. It is said to be opening other operations in Francistown-Blue Jacket Street, Phakalane, and Square Mart Mall. The competition in this industry is very tough as new entrants enter in succession. PRODUCTS It is producing and selling pizzas. They range from sizes small, medium and large. A customer can either book for a pizza over the phone or in person, and it takes about 10 minutes for it to be ready. Various pizzas are produced with different flavours and taste depending on the ingredients used by the production department at Romans Pizza Time Beaters (Pvt) Ltd. They also sell beverages such as water and soft drinks. THE INDUSRTY Romans Pizza Time Beaters (Pvt) Ltd falls under hotel catering industry. Its competitors include Debonairs Pizza, other restaurants who are selling the same products and Pizza Den. Romans Pizza Time Beaters (Pty) Ltd has also branches in South Africa. Time Beaters (Pvt) Ltd was incorporated in 2010 to provide timely and precise transportation to product providers. CHAPTER 2 CUSTOMER CARE POLICY AND VISION Customer care policy refers to the guide lines that are adhered by the organization when it is dealing with the customers whenever there is a problem. Usually such issues are expressed in vision and mission of the company in relation to the customers. MISSION Mission refers to what an organization aim for its purpose and existence as a supplier or producer of goods and provider of a service to the organization, (Schermerhorn, 2008). Romans Pizza Time Beaters (Pvt) Ltd mission is The Pledge Every Romans Pizza meal is made from the finest imported ingredients, all the way from Greece and Italy, as well as the freshest local ingredients. All meals are prepared to order and are therefore guaranteed to be fresh, delicious and straight from t he oven. The staffs ensure that the pizza experience is truly fit for a king. These are pizza perfectionists, it with and can prove it with the proud and passionate price promotion. Vision refers to the future predictions of the business in relation to what it offers in terms of services that it offer, (Schermerhorn, 2008). Romans Pizzas vision is to be one of the best in selling pizza and to provide customers with the best value and to provide the best quality product at the lowest price. Its goal today is still to be the best value for money in the industry. IMPACTS OF THE MISSION ON CUSTOMERS This mission has a very big effect on customers as what comes into their mind immediately they see the mission statements. They will opt to buy at Romans Pizza because most customers like to be associated with value and quality. So if Romans Pizza does not live up with the expectation of the customers that may work against their success of the business and mission. CHAPTER 3 FREQUENTLY FACED COMPLAINTS Definition of a complaint According to Chenet and Johansen (2006) a complaint is a chance of introspecting what could have been gone wrong and caused dissatisfaction. It can also be referred to as an expression of any dissatisfaction. Ways of logging in the complaints Customers who are willing to complain can pose their complaints via the companys telephone number The company also has a suggestion box displayed on the counter. What management do they will summon all the staff and brief them about the complaints raised by customers and coming up with a solution. The other mode of complaining by customers is through face-to-face. This includes face to face interaction between the customer, and a customer service representative of romans pizza, and then the matter is solved in the floor. The customers are supposed to report their complaints to the sales representative before reaching the manager. Process of logging in the complaints Customers have a way or process of complaining that is arranged by management of Romans Pizza. First of all, complaining customers raise their complaints to the sales representative. The sales representative can resolve the matter at hand if it does not require the top management. If the sales representative is failing to solve the matter, it is then directed directly to the manager. At Romans Pizza complaint numbers are not issued as complaints which are raised by customers are very average and minimal and they do not take long to solve a complaint so this avoid keeping customers waiting. Commonly raised complaints from customers Some of the complaints which are frequently by customers are as follows; Waiting period Sometimes customers say they take a very long time waiting for the pizza to be ready. Some customers order hot pizzas and want them right away but according to the Production manager, a single pizza takes about 10 minutes to be well cooked. Hygiene The level of hygiene at Romans Pizza does not impress some customers because one of the customers stated that it is not clean since there are always flies in the eating area, and the producers or cooks do not put on their hats properly thus chances of their hair falling in the food are very high. Wrong orders Another complaint that is raised is a mismatch of the product that customers have ordered. For instance, a customer might order a pizza in thick flavour and the seller can probably give the customer a thin base. This is usually due to many customers buying at the same time. The number of complaints that management of Romans pizza handle in a day cannot be measured as sometimes there are no complaints at all. In some days, one-two or three complaints can be raised and most of the time there are no complaints raised, they are very average in terms of number. CHAPTER 4 THE RESOLUTION PROCESS THE COMPLAINT RESOLUTION PROCESS (LIST) Complaint resolution processes are the steps which are used by management of a business by way A company can use the `LIST` method of solving a raised complaint by a customer. What happens is that when a customer is dissatisfied with any service pertaining a company in which he or she interacted he will be listened to. After a customer has complained and listened to the customer service provider will then isolate the core and associated problems by asking the complainer some questions. Then the service provider will then solve the problem as quickly as possible and by so doing the customer will be informed. The last step of this method is to take the feedback from the customer to ensure that he is satisfied. Researchers have discovered that Romans Pizza also use the same procedure while trying to solve complaints raised by customers. First of all management listen to a complaint raised by customers and look at where could have been the problem by asking the customer some questions that are related to the complaint. A service provider will make sort of a dialogue with the customer and if its a minor issue that can be solved by a service provider he will promptly solve it and if it requires the manager it will be passed on where he will settle the complaint. After all respond will be taken from the customer and will be informed. Usually each and every complaint is resolved using this same procedure. Escalation process Refers to Standard Turn around time Refers to time set to completing a process or an event that was done previously, (Kotelnikov, 2001). As different customers uses different means of logging in complaints so the turn around time also differs at Romans Pizza and depend on the type of complaints raised, but usually a complaint that is raised over the phone takes about 5 minutes to be solved and face-to-face complaint takes a very short time which is usually 2 minutes. Definition of Deviations Chenet and Johansen (2006) define deviations as a change from an agreement. As for the resolution process each and every customer is given the same priority and the process is the same while attending customers, even VIP customers. According to the customer service provider at Romans Pizza what the customer asks they provide in terms of services and said they appreciate customers complaints as they help in capitalising the mistakes done so as to work on it so that it can never repeat again. CHAPTER 5 THE REVIEW PROCESS ANALYSIS OF COMPLAINTS The staffs of Romans Pizza normally handle meetings every week after the complaints have been collected. They then try to come up with ideas as to how to solve those complaints and strategies to ensure customer satisfaction. They can make themselves better in giving the good customer service which makes them a good competitor against other rivals. HANDLING OF ESCALATIONS Romans Pizza normally make sure that those complaints that are frequently raised by the customers are known throughout the company so that those kinds of complaints can be prevented in the future. TURNAROUND TIME This refers to a set offered for completing a process or on event as done in the previous process or an event (Kotelnikov, 2001). The maximum time taken to resolve the customers complaint does not take more than 30 minutes. Time is considered as money at Romans Pizza the moment a complaint arise the customer care providers immediately takes action and if the complaint is not solved the manager is engaged to assist to solve the problem. This process does not take hour since the customer might lose patience and confidence in the company. COMPLAINT RESOLUTION CLOSURE At the end the branch manager of Romans Pizza should solve customers complaint fairly, that is to say the branch manager should be and give the customer compensation to ensure customer satisfaction and create a good image for the company. After the sale customer satisfaction is checked by calling back the customer to find out if they are satisfied with decision taken to solve the complaints. Conclusion To sum up the project, researchers can conclude that customer service is an integral part in a business for it to be successful and if it provides good quality service, more customers can be obtained and existing customers retained. Thats what Romans Pizza and Time Beaters (Pvt) Ltd is trying to do and if they keep on serving customers with quality they can gain edge over their competitors. Recommendations Romans pizza should improve the hygienic state of their company since it is not good for the health of the customer. The waitress must pay attention when the customers place orders and also brief about the variety of pizzas available in order to avoid mismatch in the products. Also the time estimated for the pizza to be ready should be taken into consideration because sometimes the time promised to the customers for the pizza to be ready is exceeded. The Romans pizza should not take more time to place the orders and should not make the customers to wait for a long time .